Act of Union Essay

Assess the causes of the Act of Union of 1800, and consider the ways in which the Articles of Union themselves were intended to solve the apparent problems in Ireland’s constitutional, political and religious relationship with England. Your essay must make reference to the relevant document studied in seminar 5. There were several significant causes of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, most notably, the United Irishmen rebellion of 1798, along with the French landing at Killala in North Mayo. The United Irishmen, a radical mixed religious group, had began a campaign against British rule in Ireland in 1798. This rebellion was centered around Wexford, Wicklow and a protestant linen worker rebellion in Antrim. The rebellion was poorly organized and coordinated, and many parts of the country were left undisturbed. Although it was yet another rebellion by the Irish that was defeated, it fast forwarded the long standing idea that a political, constitutional and military union was needed between the two countries to prevent further war, or even worse, for Ireland to become a stepping stone in a French invasion of The British Isles. The worry about a French invasion starting in Ireland was compounded by a small French landing in north Mayo, that led to two battles, at Castlebar and Ballinamuck. The French landing was requested by Wolfe Tone, a protestant who was viewed as the leader of the United Irishmen. Wolfe Tone was influenced by the French and American Revolutions, and passed this influence onto the United Irishmen. The fact that the American Revolution had occurred so recently also had another major bearing on the Act of Union. the British parliament did not want to lose another colony, especially not one this close to home. This most likely would have being seen as a major weakness by the other European powers of the time. The French revolution, which promised freedom to all religions and races, and equal rights to all men would also have being seen as a threat to George III, the current monarch, who’s Coronation Oath held him to uphold and secure the Protestant faith. Article Fifth of the Act of Union combined the Church of Ireland and the Church of England into one central Protestant Episcopal Church. It also made the protestant faith the official religion of Ireland. The unity of the churches would also have bred the hope that more of the Catholic majority in Ireland would be converted. This would have being a vital cause for the union getting voted through the all protestant Irish parliament, as the protestants were outnumbered by Catholics in the general population at a ratio of 3:11. Should the Act of Union pass, they would be on the opposite side, it would be a 3:11 protestant majority. On a related topic, Robert Peel had earlier being responsible for the ending of several of the penal laws, all since the threat of war began in France. In 1793 Catholics could vote and become lawyers for the first time. He also played a part in the repeal of Poynings Law, which allowed the Irish parliament to enact its own laws without influence from London for the first time since the Norman Invasion. However, vitally, he could not hold his nerve to repeal the Penal law that stopped Catholics from holding a place in parliament and many Irish people would have thought this was the most important, as they could only vote for the entirely protestant government. Pitt had supported the Act Of Union in 1800, but had originally planned to follow it with more far reaching ideas, such as Catholic emancipation. However George III, after signing the Act of Union into law in August 1800, refused to support full Catholic emancipation on the basis that it would be contrary to his Coronation Oath. While the Act of Union was defeated the first time in the Irish parliament, it was passed on the second time of asking. Certain peerages, pensions and certain honors were offered to Irish politicians and Irish critics in return for voting for the act in the second time of asking. The first attempt to pass the law was beaten 109 votes against to 104 votes for, but, on the second time of asking in 1800, the results showed 150 for, compared to 115 against. Also, since the repeal of Poynings law, the Irish had being in charge of their own finances, and had bankrupt the country. When much the same thing had happened to Scotland in the 17th century, a Union with Britain had helped the Scottish overcome their financial difficulties. The Act of Union was intended to solve many of Irelands problems in different ways. Article first stated that Ireland and Britain would ‘be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland’. This essentially made Ireland a sister kingdom to Britain, with the same laws, religion and parliament. However as time showed, these sister kingdoms were not treated equally, with very little worry being given to the Great Famine of 1845-49. Although it may initially have being seen to calm some insurgency in Ireland, it was not a suitable long-term arrangement unless great measures were taken to assimilate the large Catholic majority. These measures were not taken, and Catholic Ireland still felt like it was being given the short straw without emancipation. Article Second simply stated that the continuation of the Imperial Crown ‘shall continue limited and settled in the same manner as the Succession to the Imperial Crown of the said Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland’. This was to ensure that a protestant was always going to be in power as a monarch in Great Britain, and that the new Union with Ireland would not have an influence on the process of picking a new king or queen. The third article was perhaps the most important in terms of change, as it was the article that fully combined the two parliaments into a single entity. This was the most influential article, as it caused many of the upper class representatives that Ireland would have to move out of Dublin and over to London, to be closer to political affairs. This caused a decline in the importance of Dublin as a major European city, and shifted most of the influential Irish people out of the country. It may also have lead to the idea of Absentee landlords, another thing that was seen by the Irish as a cause of the Great Famine. Article Fourth was simply involved in the representation of Ireland in the new parliament. The election of 28 Electoral Lords for life would have guaranteed a continuation of protestant ascendancy in the British House of Lords. This would not have went well with the catholic majority of Ireland as they would have zero representation in the House of Lords, which had the ability to veto any laws passed by the House of Commons. Any chance of a law hat passed a pro-Catholic law would have being immediately put down by the protestant powers in the House of Lords, so even if George III did not veto the hopes for Catholic emancipation then the House of Lords would surely have. The 8th article was a constitutional article that ensured the continuation of all laws from before the act, in both Britain and Ireland. It stated ‘That all Laws in force at the time of the Union, and all the Courts of Civil and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction within the respective Kingdoms, shall remain as now by Law established within the same’ This was a safety mechanism to prevent any problems with the transition between separate and united kingdom’s. If this article had not being put in place then, theoretically the parliament in London would have had to enact new laws that could potentially damage the political and hostile situation in Ireland. As you can see, the Act of Union was hoped to be a permanent solution to the problems in Ireland, and planned to consolidate the British Isles under one rulership. The Articles in the Act of Union attempted to promote the protestant faith, in particular the Anglican faith, in Ireland, and in the long term hoped to transform the rebellious Catholic majority into equal citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Although it was unsuccessful in the long run, it was a historic event that worked in other parts of the empire, such as Scotland.

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation Essay

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation - Essay Example The paper tells that with the advancement of technology and emergence of the concept of consumerism to the surface, customers have become ever more dominant and powerful in the marketplace. Nowadays all the companies shed off myopic ideas and try to incorporate consumer’s will in the decision making process. This is particularly important because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective that leads to profitability and endurance in organizations. To attain stability, organizations spend millions of dollars today on their Research and Development departments to get the best and most accurate knowledge regarding consumer behaviour and expectations. This knowledge and information is utilized by organizations in improving their processes to meet the demands and requirements of the customers and thus deliver a â€Å"wow experience† every time the customer interacts with the offering. In other words, this shall not be exaggeration to state that, research is one of the k ey pillars to success of an organization, in the contemporary market dimensions. Any idea or tactic backed up by research findings is more durable and dependable then something that is implemented out of the blue. Research does not only assist organizations in deciding which route to success shall be adopted, in fact contingency measures and sporadic adjustments to deviations and evaluation of the implementation are some of the broad areas that are addressed at length by researches. (Thornton, 2010). Throughout the length of this paper various research methods will be analyzed through various perspectives and efforts will be made to develop an understanding of using research methods and findings in the most efficient manner possible. Analysis of Research Methods The above diagram is a representation of a general research process. Though 5 major steps are shown in the diagram in a systematic manner, but in real life scenario one stage may precede the other depending upon the requirem ents of the researchers and the nature of the research itself. While conducting our research we followed the above systematic flow of processes for data collection, analysis and reporting of its findings (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Research can be defined as a systematic investigative study conducted to discover answers to questions or solutions to prevalent or future dilemmas. In the commercial scenario, findings of a research may serve to make it or break it for the sponsors of the research. Bearing in mind the model provided in the figure then we see that the process initiates with the discovery of a problem or unanswered question. This is the phase of the research process that occurs voluntarily (Kumar, 2010). Any department of the company shall encounter a problem at any stage and this is completely unavoidable and inevitable (Collis, 2003). The stage that entails the discovery of a problem shall come to the surface unexpectedly and demand a solution on an immediate basis and th ings could be the other way round too. Therefore this can be said that moving on from one stage to another in the research process may vary from situation to situation (Blaxter et al, 2006). The stage proceeding Discover Stage is known as â€Å"Retrieve Stage†. Retrieve stage is a significant phase that shall be carried out with great care and technically sound staff. There are various methods utilizing which this phase can be surpassed. At this stage we were required to determine the sources from which data can be retrieved and the subsequent methodology to be adopted. There are two broad options that were available to the group to get the data from, Primary Resources and Secondary Resources (McBurney, 2009). Secondary resources are considered to be the best sources of information in case the problem that has to be resolved has occurred before in some other department of the company or may be in any other part of the world. Secondary data provides a sound basis to the resear chers to construct a framework based on the

Theories and Paradigms of International Business Activity Essay

Theories and Paradigms of International Business Activity - Essay Example Being a master of the ‘rules of the game’ or, more specifically, the rules in the alliances and acquisition entails an ability to navigate, solve and work around these variables otherwise the objective of globalising the organizational operations is doomed to fail. This paper will explain some of the most important variables why forging alliances or partnerships and the acquisition of foreign companies are legitimate and effective strategies. Leveraging Reputation Alliances and acquisition are tools for companies to leverage their brand and their reputation (Kotler and Pfoertsch, 2006, pp.255). For example, when Lenovo acquired IBM’s personal computer (PC) business, the organization was able to enhance its reputation, establishing its own global brand in the process. IBM is a global leader in the technology industry and its products such as the ThinkPad laptop series, enterprise technologies, and other patented technologies are popular the world over and equated w ith quality, premium branding and innovation (Gupta, Wakayama and Rangan, 2012, pp.195). This is explained by the theoretical model called â€Å"springboarding†. The idea is that for companies to effectively expand overseas, it is necessary to design a strategy that is typified by activities that can capitalize on the reputation of others in order to compensate for its absence in the organization, its products and its global brand. It is equivalent to the concept of exporting of goods through â€Å"piggybacking† or taking advantage of the â€Å"carrier†, in order to successfully enter a market, survive in it and claim sizable market share (Gilligan and Hird, 1986, pp.103). â€Å"Springboarding† or â€Å"piggybacking† work during an acquisition and is also achieved when forging alliances with established companies in a location that the organization intends to penetrate. This strategy is more important for companies located in non-traditional FDI co untries. The reason is that these economies do not have well developed institutions as well as a viable domestic market necessary to support an outward expansion. China has recognized this dilemma especially when it took into consideration the fact that it lags behind major global economic players in terms of outward FDI (Taylor 2002 and Zhang and Filippov 2009). What distinguished the country from other non-traditional investing states is the manner by which the country aggressively pursued a policy of internationalisation for its national firms (Bell 2008, pp.254). Favorable business, political and financial landscapes, featuring state support, has lead to a conducive environment that fosters the growth of MNCs. Other developing economies do not have this advantage. That is why there is huge opportunity for MNCs coming from these countries because the strategy allows the high degree of exploitation of the ownership-specific competitive advantages in foreign countries (Luo and Tung , 2007, pp.485). When Lenovo started expanding in Japan, its market share was estimated to be around 5 percent but when the forged an alliance with the Japanese firm NEC, which commenced in January of 2011, the figures

What to do Being a city manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What to do Being a city manager - Essay Example Being a city manager I have been designated with all important tasks of maintaining the society. In order to achieve success in my course of action I have to consider many responsibilities that I owe to my community. State legislature is passing a bill which is intended to improve the society as a whole and decrease the underage drinking which can cause damage to the whole society. Having been provided with the situation I have limited options to select from in order to enact the bill implemented by the state. With less resources to avail from I have to decide on as to whom I should depend on. Firstly I would gather a meeting of the local councils in order to aware them of the situation that the city is currently going through. It is then that a proper agenda would be formed with the help of the advice that I would receive from my councils. Police department can only excel if I am provided with the resource of money so I can expand the police force of the community which can further keep a check on the underage drinking habits. For this program to be implemented I would advertise for volunteers who would like to keep a check on the problem which our society is currently facing. These volunteers can work for free so that underage drinking can be prohibited in the community. The current line of police officers can be designated the job of checking on bars and restaurants with feasible timings and timetable. These police officers can be assured of future perks and benefits that they would be provided for their hard work.

Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Finance - Case Study Example modern technology has eased investment in the international market since several platforms for monitoring the progress of subsidiary firms are available online. Before entering the foreign markets, the BFIS should consider several factors to avoid suffering huge losses as discussed below. The level of competition in the international market is a fundamental consideration for making a foreign investment. Investing in the foreign market is an expensive venture that requires maximum caution. BFSI should assess and evaluate the level of competition in the international market to identify the techniques that need to be put in practice before initiating any investment. It is imperative to note that the level of competition influences the profit margin of an enterprise. In this regard, market competition should not be overlooked when investing in the foreign markets (Hiles 141). In most cases, business enterprises develop marketing techniques that are aimed at driving competitors out of the market. For this reason, BFSI requires to assess the nature of competition in the various foreign markets before establishing any investment. The government is usually involved in the money market for regulation and maintenance of ethical standards. In addition, the governments of various countries impose taxes either to encourage or discourage foreign trade. Some policies enforced by the governments of various countries may be harmful to BFIS’ foreign investment plan. For instance, high tax rates may lower the profit margin and eventually limit further expansion of the industry in the international market. Some countries are quite conservative and are usually not welcoming to new investors. Essentially, government policies might favor further expansion of an enterprise or discourage its dominance in the foreign markets. The international financial market is highly influenced by the nature of customers in particular countries. The groups of people participating in the

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example This essay represents a study of the key elements of the English Land Law. It states that, although in the UK, in theory, the right of ownership is not absolute, in practice the owner of the fee simple is the owner of the land; s/he also has the right to sell the property on or to improve it and has the right to enjoy the land for ever. It may therefore be noted that in terms of elements such as the right to keep other people out, the right to grow mushrooms in the cellar, sing bawdy songs in the bath, paint the front door luminous green or sunbathe in the nude, the owner would not be restricted in any way. While it is possible that the owner may not be able to carry out all of these wishes out of a consideration for neighbors or for reasons of social propriety, from a legal perspective, there is no restriction placed on the owner to refrain from such acts. In the case of tenancies, the property owner is considered to have absolute rights and is free to lease out the property on the basis of terms that are agreed upon between the owner and the lessee. Thus, when the fee simple absolute right is vested upon an owner of a piece of land, the owner practically has the right to do anything with his or her land, subject to the normal restrictions of propriety and consideration for others. It is stated that the only time when the ownership of the crown is exercised is when a person dies. Should the deceased have no one who can inherit his or her assets, then the estate is disposed of according to the laws of intestacy. Over time, the interests of the crown, although existent, have become increasingly ignored from a practical point of view; it is only in theory that the ownership of the crown rests. But upon death and in the absence of a lawful heir, the laws of intestacy operate to restore the ownership of the estate into the hands of the crown. On this basis, it may thus be noted that to have freehold tenure effectively means the right to occupy and use the property as if it is one’s own and the owner is conferred the fee simple estate, which places no restrictions upon the owner at all, other than those required to conform to the rules of propriety, social and legal restrictions exercised in the interest of protecting the rights of all people. 2. There are thr ee items which are under dispute in the sale of the property located at 19, Ham Road. The first is the playhouse at the bottom of the garden which Carolyn is refusing to remove. The other two are items that Carolyn wishes to remove, i.e., a large metal sculpture at the centre of the rookery and a safe bolted into the wall of the garage. In respect to the removal of items from a property, the question of whether or not Carolyn can remove them from the property will depend upon whether they are to be classified as chattels or fixtures because the latter accede to the realty2 and cannot be detached from the property. Chattels on the other hand, do not attach to the property and are not conveyed with the sale. Lord Godard in the case of Billing v Pill3 defined a fixture as â€Å"a house which is built into the land, so that in law it is regarded as part of the land.†4 The purchaser of a freehold property is entitled to all fixtures on the property on the date of exchange of contr acts5, therefore the issue to be determined is whether or not the large metal sculpture and the safe are to be classified as fittings or fixtures. The distinction between fixtures and chattels was laid out in the case of Holland v Hodgson as being primarily dependent upon two factors (a) the degree of annexation of

Study of Fans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Study of Fans - Essay Example Similar fan frenzy was visible when the latest book of Harry Potter series, 'The Tales of Beedle the Bard' was launched in the first week of December 2008. What is quite amazing is, this fan frenzy is not limited to just one country or one region, but it crosses all boundaries from Europe to Asia. Angela Cerda, a resident of Temecula, Southwest California, was in seventh grade when she first started reading Harry Potter books and she still continues to enjoy reading this series while in third year of college. Cerda says2, "I read the first four books in the series in four nights, then I had to wait three years for the fifth one to come out, It's so strange to think that now I'm waiting for the last one." Similar loyalty or love is expressed by the fans of television serials, when they make sure that in order to watch their favourite television serial, they get their meetings postponed. Football is the game played by a large number of nations around the world. But the situation becomes quite different during the European cup and sometimes during the world cups etc. The intense rivalry leaves the fans to fight it out amongst themselves. Similarly, though cricket is played by a few nations around the world, yet the intense competition has developed a large number of fans, who often make it a point that they travel with their favourite team, wherever the team goes for their matches. This includes visits within the country or abroad. Often, team managements too encourages such fans and try to sponsor their visits abroad. The commitment of fans to their favourite personalities or products is indeed commendable and provides encouragement. But, it is equally true that such tactics are being used by marketing gurus to reach out to the maximum number of people around the world. Today we are living in a world of globalisation and liberalisation, which is marked by competition in almost all sectors. Therefore, in order to reach out to the maximum number of people or audience, the marketing department tries to explore all possible means to spread the word about the product. This includes highlighting special features of the product, comparisons with the existing reputed brands, and the devotion shown by the die-hard fans. If we take a look at the world around us, we can easily figure out the distinctive emphasis on advertising techniques in reaching out to the customer. The marketing communication department is often entrusted with the task of coming out with the strategies which helps the customer in relating to the famous celebrities. While on the one hand the competition helps the consumer in getting worth of the spending, and consumer has a range of alternatives to chose from, companies too have come out with innovative ideas to reach out to the consumer with their products and brands. Marketing people try to come out with strategies which instil a brand with personality traits resulting in anthropomorphizing, personification and creation of user imagery (Aaker, 1997). Human beings tend to identify themselves with such traits which give them a distinct identity called fans. The fan community shares a set of common interests and hobbies. While identifying the community as fandom, Fiske (1992) state d that, "fans are active